It's time to move from the abstract to the concrete. In this section, we'll show real examples of Subversion being used.
You've already read about working copies; now we'll demonstrate how the Subversion client creates and uses them.
A Subversion working copy is an ordinary directory tree on your local system, containing a collection of files. You can edit these files however you wish, and if they're source code files, you can compile your program from them in the usual way. Your working copy is your own private work area: Subversion will never incorporate other people's changes, nor make your own changes available to others, until you explicitly tell it to do so. You can even have multiple working copies of the same project.
After you've made some changes to the files in your working copy and verified that they work properly, Subversion provides you with commands to “publish” your changes to the other people working with you on your project (by writing to the repository). If other people publish their own changes, Subversion provides you with commands to merge those changes into your working directory (by reading from the repository).
A working copy also contains some extra files, created and
maintained by Subversion, to help it carry out these commands.
In particular, each directory in your working copy contains a
subdirectory named .svn
, also known as
the working copy administrative
directory. The files in each administrative
directory help Subversion recognize which files contain
unpublished changes, and which files are out-of-date with
respect to others' work.
A typical Subversion repository often holds the files (or source code) for several projects; usually, each project is a subdirectory in the repository's filesystem tree. In this arrangement, a user's working copy will usually correspond to a particular subtree of the repository.
For example, suppose you have a repository that contains
two software projects, paint
and
calc
. Each project lives in its own
top-level subdirectory, as shown in Figure 2.6, “The repository's filesystem”.
To get a working copy, you must check
out some subtree of the repository. (The term
“check out” may sound like it has something to do
with locking or reserving resources, but it doesn't; it simply
creates a private copy of the project for you.) For example,
if you check out /calc
, you will get a
working copy like this:
$ svn checkout http://svn.example.com/repos/calc A calc/Makefile A calc/integer.c A calc/button.c Checked out revision 56. $ ls -A calc Makefile integer.c button.c .svn/
The list of letter A's indicates that Subversion is adding
a number of items to your working copy. You now have a
personal copy of the repository's /calc
directory, with one additional
entry—.svn
—which holds the
extra information needed by Subversion, as mentioned
earlier.
Suppose you make changes to button.c
.
Since the .svn
directory remembers the
file's modification date and original contents, Subversion can
tell that you've changed the file. However, Subversion does
not make your changes public until you explicitly tell it to.
The act of publishing your changes is more commonly known as
committing (or checking
in) changes to the repository.
To publish your changes to others, you can use Subversion's commit command:
$ svn commit button.c Sending button.c Transmitting file data . Committed revision 57.
Now your changes to button.c
have
been committed to the repository; if another user checks out a
working copy of /calc
, they will see
your changes in the latest version of the file.
Suppose you have a collaborator, Sally, who checked out a
working copy of /calc
at the same time
you did. When you commit your change to
button.c
, Sally's working copy is left
unchanged; Subversion only modifies working copies at the
user's request.
To bring her project up to date, Sally can ask Subversion to update her working copy, by using the Subversion update command. This will incorporate your changes into her working copy, as well as any others that have been committed since she checked it out.
$ pwd /home/sally/calc $ ls -A .svn/ Makefile integer.c button.c $ svn update U button.c Updated to revision 57.
The output from the svn update command
indicates that Subversion updated the contents of
button.c
. Note that Sally didn't need to
specify which files to update; Subversion uses the information
in the .svn
directory, and further
information in the repository, to decide which files need to
be brought up to date.
An svn commit operation can publish changes to any number of files and directories as a single atomic transaction. In your working copy, you can change files' contents, create, delete, rename and copy files and directories, and then commit the complete set of changes as a unit.
In the repository, each commit is treated as an atomic transaction: either all the commit's changes take place, or none of them take place. Subversion tries to retain this atomicity in the face of program crashes, system crashes, network problems, and other users' actions.
Each time the repository accepts a commit, this creates a new state of the filesystem tree, called a revision. Each revision is assigned a unique natural number, one greater than the number of the previous revision. The initial revision of a freshly created repository is numbered zero, and consists of nothing but an empty root directory.
Figure 2.7, “The repository” illustrates a nice way to visualize the repository. Imagine an array of revision numbers, starting at 0, stretching from left to right. Each revision number has a filesystem tree hanging below it, and each tree is a “snapshot” of the way the repository looked after a commit.
It's important to note that working copies do not always correspond to any single revision in the repository; they may contain files from several different revisions. For example, suppose you check out a working copy from a repository whose most recent revision is 4:
calc/Makefile:4 integer.c:4 button.c:4
At the moment, this working directory corresponds exactly
to revision 4 in the repository. However, suppose you make a
change to button.c
, and commit that
change. Assuming no other commits have taken place, your
commit will create revision 5 of the repository, and your
working copy will now look like this:
calc/Makefile:4 integer.c:4 button.c:5
Suppose that, at this point, Sally commits a change to
integer.c
, creating revision 6. If you
use svn update to bring your working copy
up to date, then it will look like this:
calc/Makefile:6 integer.c:6 button.c:6
Sally's change to integer.c
will
appear in your working copy, and your change will still be
present in button.c
. In this example,
the text of Makefile
is identical in
revisions 4, 5, and 6, but Subversion will mark your working
copy of Makefile
with revision 6 to
indicate that it is still current. So, after you do a clean
update at the top of your working copy, it will generally
correspond to exactly one revision in the repository.
For each file in a working directory, Subversion records
two essential pieces of information in the
.svn/
administrative area:
what revision your working file is based on (this is called the file's working revision), and
a timestamp recording when the local copy was last updated by the repository.
Given this information, by talking to the repository, Subversion can tell which of the following four states a working file is in:
The file is unchanged in the working directory, and no changes to that file have been committed to the repository since its working revision. An svn commit of the file will do nothing, and an svn update of the file will do nothing.
The file has been changed in the working directory, and no changes to that file have been committed to the repository since its base revision. There are local changes that have not been committed to the repository, thus an svn commit of the file will succeed in publishing your changes, and an svn update of the file will do nothing.
The file has not been changed in the working directory, but it has been changed in the repository. The file should eventually be updated, to make it current with the public revision. An svn commit of the file will do nothing, and an svn update of the file will fold the latest changes into your working copy.
The file has been changed both in the working directory, and in the repository. An svn commit of the file will fail with an “out-of-date” error. The file should be updated first; an svn update command will attempt to merge the public changes with the local changes. If Subversion can't complete the merge in a plausible way automatically, it leaves it to the user to resolve the conflict.
This may sound like a lot to keep track of, but the svn status command will show you the state of any item in your working copy. For more information on that command, see the section called “svn status”.
As a general principle, Subversion tries to be as flexible as possible. One special kind of flexibility is the ability to have a working copy containing files and directories with a mix of different working revision numbers. Unfortunately, this flexibility tends to confuse a number of new users. If the earlier example showing mixed revisions perplexed you, here's a primer on both why the feature exists and how to make use of it.
One of the fundamental rules of Subversion is that a “push” action does not cause a “pull”, nor the other way around. Just because you're ready to submit new changes to the repository doesn't mean you're ready to receive changes from other people. And if you have new changes still in progress, then svn update should gracefully merge repository changes into your own, rather than forcing you to publish them.
The main side-effect of this rule is that it means a working copy has to do extra bookkeeping to track mixed revisions, and be tolerant of the mixture as well. It's made more complicated by the fact that directories themselves are versioned.
For example, suppose you have a working copy entirely at
revision 10. You edit the
file foo.html
and then perform
an svn commit, which creates revision 15
in the repository. After the commit succeeds, many new
users would expect the working copy to be entirely at
revision 15, but that's not the case! Any number of changes
might have happened in the repository between revisions 10
and 15. The client knows nothing of those changes in the
repository, since you haven't yet run svn
update, and svn commit doesn't
pull down new changes. If, on the other hand,
svn commit were to
automatically download the newest changes, then it would be
possible to set the entire working copy to revision
15—but then we'd be breaking the fundamental rule
of “push” and “pull” remaining
separate actions. Therefore the only safe thing the
Subversion client can do is mark the one
file—foo.html
—as being at
revision 15. The rest of the working copy remains at
revision 10. Only by running svn update
can the latest changes be downloaded, and the whole working
copy be marked as revision 15.
The fact is, every time you run svn commit, your working copy ends up with some mixture of revisions. The things you just committed are marked as having larger working revisions than everything else. After several commits (with no updates in-between) your working copy will contain a whole mixture of revisions. Even if you're the only person using the repository, you will still see this phenomenon. To examine your mixture of working revisions, use the svn status --verbose command (see the section called “svn status” for more information.)
Often, new users are completely unaware that their working copy contains mixed revisions. This can be confusing, because many client commands are sensitive to the working revision of the item they're examining. For example, the svn log command is used to display the history of changes to a file or directory (see the section called “svn log”). When the user invokes this command on a working copy object, they expect to see the entire history of the object. But if the object's working revision is quite old (often because svn update hasn't been run in a long time), then the history of the older version of the object is shown.
If your project is sufficiently complex, you'll discover that it's sometimes nice to forcibly “backdate” portions of your working copy to an earlier revision; you'll learn how to do that in Chapter 3. Perhaps you'd like to test an earlier version of a sub-module contained in a subdirectory, or perhaps you'd like to figure out when a bug first came into existence in a specific file. This is the “time machine” aspect of a version control system — the feature which allows you to move any portion of your working copy forward and backward in history.
However you make use of mixed revisions in your working copy, there are limitations to this flexibility.
First, you cannot commit the deletion of a file or directory which isn't fully up-to-date. If a newer version of the item exists in the repository, your attempt to delete will be rejected, to prevent you from accidentally destroying changes you've not yet seen.
Second, you cannot commit a metadata change to a directory unless it's fully up-to-date. You'll learn about attaching “properties” to items in Chapter 6. A directory's working revision defines a specific set of entries and properties, and thus committing a property change to an out-of-date directory may destroy properties you've not yet seen.